Raydium — Solana veteran AMM / memecoin liquidity hub overview

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This entry sits under exchanges index. Read it against Comparison of the Solana ecosystem DEX cluster for the Solana peer context, global DEX major five comparison for the EVM contrast, and AMM design evolution — Uniswap v1/v2/v3/v4 + variants (Curve / Balancer / TraderJoe) for the broader system / design boundary.

Launched 2021-02 · RAY token · constant product (x*y=k) AMM · former Serum integration legacy · now a memecoin liquidity hub

1. Protocol overview

• Chain: Solana L1 (SVM environment)
• Model: constant product AMM (x*y=k) + concentrated liquidity (CLMM) + former Serum/OpenBook orderbook hybrid (legacy)
• Launch: 2021-02-21
• Token: RAY (governance / fee accrual / staking)
• Official URL: raydium.io
• TVL (2024–2026 overview): ranges within $1.5–2.5B, continuously occupying 20–30% of Solana DEX TVL

2. Design characteristics (Serum legacy → OpenBook migration → in-house CLMM)

Raydium initially differentiated itself with an “AMM-on-orderbook” design that supplied liquidity to the Serum central order book on Solana. This is a mechanism that automates two-way arbitrage between Solana’s unique high-speed CLOB (Serum) and the AMM, a design with no analog in EVM ecosystems.

• 2021–2022: the hybrid era of Serum CLOB + Raydium AMM
• 2022-11: with the FTX collapse, Serum (led by the FTX founding team) was effectively frozen
• 2022-12: the Solana community forked Serum and continued it as OpenBook. Raydium switched to OpenBook integration
• From 2023 onward: implemented its own Concentrated Liquidity Market Maker (CLMM). Provides concentrated-liquidity pools similar to Uniswap v3
• Currently: a 3 -layer coexistence of standard AMM + CLMM + OpenBook hook

3. Role in the memecoin economy

What gives Raydium its greatest presence in 2024–2026 年 is its role as the Pump.fun-linked memecoin listing route.

• Pump.fun bonding curve: when a new memecoin reaches a market cap of about $69k on the curve, it automatically migrates to a Raydium pool
• migration fee: about 6 SOL (collected by the protocol) + Raydium-side listing
• Result: the number of memecoin pools on Raydium increases at a pace of 1000+/day (2024-Q4–2025)
• Liquidity routing: because the Jupiter aggregator prioritizes routing through Raydium pools, Raydium is the de facto default listing venue for memecoins

4. Comparison with Orca / Meteora

5. Major events / history

• 2021-02-21: Raydium mainnet launch
• 2021-03–2022: rapid growth with the Serum AMM-on-orderbook design, the center of Solana DeFi summer
• 2022-11: FTX collapse → Serum frozen → Raydium interim response
• 2022-12: OpenBook fork begins
• 2023: CLMM implementation, migration to an in-house liquidity layer
• 2023-12: protocol hack (admin key leak, about $4.4M loss). Remediation / compensation carried out
• From 2024-Q3 onward: became a memecoin hub through migration linkage with Pump.fun
• 2025–2026: reigned as the core DEX routed via Jupiter during the Solana memecoin mania period

6. Governance / economic model

• RAY: total supply 555M, receives fee share via staking
• fee structure: standard 0.25% (of which 0.22% to LPs, 0.03% for buy-back to RAY stakers)
• CLMM pools: selectable fee tier (0.01% / 0.05% / 0.25% / 1%)
• governance: more team-led than on-chain voting; token distribution is relatively low

Related

• solana-ecosystem-dex-comparison — Solana DEX comparison (most important cross-link)
• dex-orca-solana — Solana competing AMM
• global-dex-major-five-comparison — EVM DEX contrast
• amm-design-evolution — AMM design evolution
• native-dex-flip-incumbent-pattern — earlier DEX flip pattern
• INDEX — exchanges domain index
• global-dex-major-five-comparison — global DEX comparison

Sources

• Public-information compilation (Raydium official docs, raydium.io)
• Public-information compilation (DefiLlama Raydium dashboard TVL/Volume)
• Public-information compilation (Solana Foundation Serum end-of-life timeline / OpenBook fork background)
• Public-information compilation (Pump.fun whitepaper / Raydium migration specification)
• Public-information compilation (Raydium 2023-12 admin key incident postmortem)